A novena, from the Latin word for nine, is a series of meditations repeated on nine successive days. The medieval novena before Christmas was a series of antiphons (short anthems), called the “Great” or “O Antiphons.” These were sung on December 17 – 23, with Christmas Eve and Christmas Day being the last two of the nine days. In late medieval times the novena started on December 16, and left out December 21, the Feast of St. Thomas the Apostle. At the Council of Trent in the middle of the sixteenth century the Catholic Church reverted to using the antiphons continuously from December 17-23, but the Anglican Church has continued to omit St. Thomas’ Day. The antiphons all begin with “O:” “O Wisdom,” “O Lord,” “O Root of Jesse,” “O Key of David,” “O Dayspring,” “O King of the Nations,” and “O Emmanuel.” Each of the antiphons forms a verse of the hymn, “O come, O come, Emmanuel,” No. 56 in the Hymnal. According to Catholic usage, December 21’s antiphon is “O Key of David.” Christopher Smert, who was the Rector of Plymtree and a Vicar-Choral of Exeter Cathedral in 1480, wrote this hymn as a meditation on the antiphon:
O David, thou noble Key, scepter of the house of Israel,
Throw open the gate and give us way,
Throw open the gate and give us way,
And save us from our [of]fences foul.
We be in prison; in us have mind,
And lose us from the bond of sin,
For that thou loosest no man may bind,
For that thou loosest no man may bind,
And that thou loosest no man may bind.
Lord, bow thine ear; to thee we call;
Deliver thou us from wickedness,
And bring us to thy joyful hall,
And bring us to thy joyful hall
Where ever is life without distress.
The original, with its tune, is in a manuscript in the British Library. The text makes a nice little poem to meditate on for this day of the Christmas novena.
John Speller